The reforms, however, did not solve the problems and, with growing political consciousness produced by education, peasants began to unite under educated but poor leaders. Only after the coming of the Americans were reforms initiated to lessen tensions between tenants and landlords. These demands included increased rents, demands for proceeds from the sale of crops, and predatory lending agreements to fund farm improvements. Landowners increased demands on farmers, who rented parcels of land. : 57Īfter the opening of ports in Manila, the Luzon economy was transformed to meet the demands for exports of rice, sugar, and tobacco. In the 19th century, Filipino landlordism, under the Spanish colonization, arose and, with it, further abuses. This developed into a system of exploitation. The Hukbalahap movement has deep roots in the Spanish encomienda, a system of grants to reward soldiers who had conquered New Spain, established in 1570. Notwithstanding this name change, the HMB continued to be popularly known as the Hukbalahap, and the English-speaking press continued to refer to it and its members, interchangeably, as the "Huks" during the whole period between 19. : 31 This original intent is reflected in its name: "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which means "People's Army Against the Japanese."īy 1950, the Communist Party of the Philippines (PKP) had resolved to reconstitute the organization as the armed wing of a revolutionary party, prompting a change in the official name to Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan, : 44 (HMB) or "People's Liberation Army", likely in emulation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Īs originally constituted in March 1942, the Hukbalahap was to be part of a broad united front resistance to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Ī monument dedicated to the Huks in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, was constructed to honor their actions during World War II.
#Pagsuko english translation series#
It was put down through a series of reforms and military victories by Defense Secretary, and later President, Ramon Magsaysay. They were originally formed to fight the Japanese, but extended their fight into a rebellion against the Philippine government, known as the Hukbalahap Rebellion, in 1946. The Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (literally, "People's Army Against the Japanese"), better known by the acronym Hukbalahap (the Huks), was a communist guerrilla movement formed by the farmers of Central Luzon. The Philippine resistance against Japan during World War II and the Hukbalahap Rebellion United States of America (during World War II recapture of the Philippines)Įmpire of Japan (during World War II occupation) Commonwealth of the Philippines (1942–1946)